Four people were killed and 45 injured in protests in Niger's second city of Zinder that turned violent with demonstrators ransacking three churches and torching the French cultural centre.
A doctor in the city's hospital told AFP that all of the dead and three of the injured had gunshot wounds.
"We've never seen that in living memory in Zinder," a local administration official said. "It's a black Friday."
There was also bloodshed in Karachi, Pakistan, where three people were injured when protesters clashed with police outside the French consulate, officials said. Among them was an AFP photographer, who was shot in the back.
As protesters in Dakar and Mauritania torched French flags, Qatar and Bahrain warned that the new Prophet Mohammed cartoon published Wednesday by the French satirical weekly could fuel hatred.
The latest issue of Charlie Hebdo features a cartoon of Prophet Mohammed (PBUH) on its cover holding a "Je Suis Charlie" (I am Charlie) sign under the headline "All is forgiven".
Distributor MLP said the weekly had sold 1.9 million copies so far, with a total of five million to be printed, compared with its usual sales of around 60,000.
Algerian riot police monitors as people take part in a demonstration against French satirical weekly Charlie Hebdo for publishing a cartoon of the Muslim prophet Mohammed on January 16, 2015 in the capital Algiers. Between 2.000 and 3.000 take part in the protest.
It was the first edition since brothers Cherif and Said Kouachi gunned down 12 people in an attack on the magazine's Paris offices on January 7 over such cartoons.
The image has angered many Muslims as depictions of Prophet Mohammed (PBUH) are widely considered forbidden in Islam.
On the Muslim weekly day of prayers, thousands flooded the streets of Bamako in response to calls by leading clerics and Mali's main Islamic body, chanting "Hands off my prophet" and "I am Muslim and I love my prophet".
In Jordan's Amman, around 2,500 protesters set off from Al-Husseini mosque under tight security, holding banners that read "insulting the prophet is global terrorism".
There were clashes between protesters and riot police in Algiers, where up to 3,000 marchers chanted "We are all Mohammed", though some shouted their support for the Islamist Kouachi brothers.
French flags torched
AFP photographer Asif Hassan, a policeman and a local TV cameraman were injured in Karachi when clashes broke out there between police and protesters.
A police official said the violence began when authorities prevented some 350 protesters from approaching the French consulate in the sprawling metropolis.
Elsewhere in Pakistan, protesters in Peshawar and Multan burnt French flags on the streets, while rallies were also held in Islamabad and Lahore.
In Dakar, the capital of Senegal, police fired tear gas grenades to disperse about 1,000 protesters who chanted "Allahu Akbar" (God is Greatest) and torched a French flag.
In Nouakchott in Mauritania, thousands marched chanting "We are here to defend the prophet". Some set fire to a French flag after security forces prevented them from reaching France's embassy, witnesses said.
Mauritanian President Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz addressed the marchers, condemning the controversial cartoon as "an attack on our religion and on all religions".
Jordanians take part in a demonstration against French satirical weekly Charlie Hebdo for publishing a cartoon of the Muslim prophet Mohammed on January 16, 2015 in the capital Amman. Jordan's King Abdullah II has characterised on January 15, 2015 as "irresponsible and reckless" this week's latest issue of French satirical magazine Charlie Hebdo, saying its illustration of the Prophet Mohammed is an insult.
Hundreds of Palestinians demonstrated quietly in East-Al-Quds flashpoint Al-Aqsa mosque compound, some with banners reading "Islam is a religion of peace!"
While in Khartoum, hundreds poured out of the Grand Mosque and marched across the adjacent square, chanting "Expel the French ambassador. Victory to the Prophet of God!"
In Lebanon's flashpoint city of Tripoli, 70 people marched with banners bearing the name of the prophet and chanting.
Prayer leader Sheikh Mohammed Ibrahimi addressed hundreds of worshippers in Baddawi, on the outskirts of the city, saying: "May God punish this newspaper and those who back it".
Protests also erupted in areas of conflict-hit Syria held by rebels and “jihadists” with demonstrators demanding "respect for religions", said the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights.
In Tehran senior Iranian cleric Ayatollah Ali Movahedi Kermani told Friday worshippers the cartoon's publication amounted to "savagery".
'Disgraceful'
Iran in Wednesday Condemns 'Insulting' and "Provocative" Charlie Hebdo Prophet Cartoon. The magazine cover "provokes the emotions of Muslims and hurts their feelings around the world, and could fan the flame of a vicious circle of extremism," said foreign ministry spokeswoman Marzieh Afkham.
Muslim governments also joined the chorus of condemnation of the cartoon.
Qatar branded as "offensive" the drawing, which was reprinted by several European papers in a show of solidarity with the victims of last week's attack.
"These disgraceful actions are in the interest of nobody and will only fuel hatred and anger," the foreign ministry warned.
Sudanese take part in a demonstration against French satirical weekly Charlie Hebdo for publishing a cartoon of the Muslim prophet Mohammed on January 16, 2015 after Friday prayers in the capital Khartoum.
Bahrain's foreign ministry echoed that, saying publication of such cartoons "will create fertile ground for the spread of hatred and terrorism".
Charlie Hebdo's latest cartoon is "disgraceful" and no more than attempt to provoke Muslims and mock their beliefs, it said.
Qatar and Bahrain had sent representatives to a massive march in Paris last Sunday in support of free speech, alongside French President Francois Hollande and many other world leaders, including Muslims.