The two Indian nationals were arrested at the Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International airport in Kolkata after customs officials discovered the reptiles packed in their suitcases.
Both men somehow managed to get the endangered turtles through security checks in China before arousing suspicion as they waited to pick up their bags.
"10,043 numbers of exotic varieties of the turtles have been seized from two passengers, residents of Chennai, who were coming from China to Singapore, and landed at Kolkata airport," said assistant commissioner of Airport Customs, Nabnit Kumar.
According to the World Wildlife Fund, nearly all species of sea turtle are classified as endangered and many are at risk of extinction due to human activities.
Increasing pollution, drainage of wetlands and commercial development tend to destroy the habitats and nesting sites of turtles.
WWF says that turtles are also endangered because of poaching, being slaughtered for their eggs, meat, skin and shells, and falling prey to over-exploitation.
An investigation has been launched into the attempted smuggling case.
SHI/SHI