Identified in Dutch media reports as 20-year-old Laura Hansen, the woman was detained late Monday at Schiphol airport as she arrived back in the country almost a year after leaving with her husband.
She had "allegedly fled the conflict zone in Syria" and arrived back in Schiphol airport "where she was arrested immediately on arrival," the Dutch prosecution service said.
She is "suspected of participating in a terrorist organisation in Syria and/or Iraq between September 1, 2015 and July 12, 2016," it added in a statement.
Her two children were taken into care, and prosecutors are now investigating whether to bring any formal charges.
A woman identified by the same name appeared on Kurdish television early last month saying she had fled from the grips of the jihadist group.
She said her 27-year-old husband had told her they were going on holiday in September, and instead had taken her against her will to the ISIS stronghold in Raqqa, northern Syria.
After several months, she was transferred to Mosul, in northern Iraq.
Hansen told Kurdistan24 television she had escaped ISIS with the help of her father, and surrendered to the Kurdish peshmerga after her two young children were injured in a bombing in Mosul, AFP reported.
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